Palmar/Plantar Metacarpal/Metatarsal Nonadaptive Bone Remodeling in Horses
- Lameness in Horses
- Overview of Lameness in Horses
- The Lameness Examination in Horses
- Imaging Techniques in Equine Lameness
- Arthroscopy in Equine Lameness
- Regional Anesthesia in Equine Lameness
- Disorders of the Foot in Horses
- Osseous Cyst-like Lesions in the Distal Phalanx in Horses
- Bruised Sole and Corns in Horses
- Canker in Horses
- Fracture of Navicular Bone in Horses
- Fracture of Distal Phalanx in Horses
- Keratoma in Horses
- Laminitis in Horses
- Navicular Disease in Horses
- Pedal Osteitis in Horses
- Puncture Wounds of the Foot in Horses
- Pyramidal Disease in Horses
- Quittor in Horses
- Quarter Crack in Horses
- Scratches in Horses
- White Line Disease in Horses
- Sheared Heels in Horses
- Sidebone in Horses
- Thrush in Horses
- Disorders of the Pastern and Fetlock
- Fractures of the First and Second Phalanx in Horses
- Fractures of the Proximal Sesamoid Bones in Horses
- Osteoarthritis of the Proximal Interphalangeal Joint in Horses
- Palmar/Plantar Metacarpal/Metatarsal Nonadaptive Bone Remodeling in Horses
- Sesamoiditis in Horses
- Chronic Proliferative Synovitis in Horses
- Digital Sheath Tenosynovitis in Horses
- Disorders of the Metacarpus in Horses
- Tendinitis in Horses
- Suspensory Desmitis in Horses
- Inferior Check Desmitis in Horses
- Bucked Shins in Horses
- Exostoses of the Second and Fourth Metacarpal Bones in Horses
- Fractures of the Small Metacarpal (Splint) Bones in Horses
- Fracture of the Third Metacarpal (Cannon) Bone in Horses
- Disorders of the Carpus in Horses
- Fracture of the Carpal Bones in Horses
- Subchondral Bone Disease of the Third Carpal Bone in Horses
- Tearing of the Medial Palmar Intercarpal Ligament in Horses
- Osteoarthritis of the Carpus in Horses
- Distal Radial Exostosis and Osteochondroma of the Distal Radius in Horses
- Carpal Hygroma in Horses
- Rupture of the Common Digital Extensor Tendon in Horses
- Disorders of the Shoulder in Horses
- Developmental Diseases of the Shoulder in Horses
- Fractures of the Shoulder in Horses
- Bicipital Bursitis in Horses
- Infection of the Shoulder in Horses
- Suprascapular Neuropathy in Horses
- Osteoarthritis of the Shoulder in Horses
- Disorders of the Elbow in Horses
- Developmental Orthopedic Disease in the Elbow of Horses
- Fractures of the Elbow in Horses
- Osteoarthritis of the Elbow in Horses
- Collateral Ligament Injury in the Elbow of Horses
- Disorders of the Metatarsus in Horses
- Bucked Shins/Dorsal Cortical Fractures of the Third Metatarsal Bone in Horses
- Exostoses of the Metatarsal Bones in Horses
- Diaphyseal Fracture of the Third Metatarsal Bone in Horses
- Incomplete Longitudinal Fractures of the Plantar Aspect of the Third Metatarsal Bone in Horses
- Focal Bone Reaction and Avulsion Fractures of the Third Metatarsal Bone in Horses
- Fractures of the Second and Fourth Metatarsal Bones in Horses
- Enostosis-like Lesions of the Third Metatarsal Bone in Horses
- Disorders of the Tarsus in Horses
- Failure of Ossification of the Distal Tarsal Bones in Horses
- Osteoarthritis of the Distal Tarsal Joints in Horses
- Osteoarthritis of the Talocalcaneal Joint in Horses
- Osteoarthritis of the Tarsocrural Joint in Horses
- Synovitis/Capsulitis of the Tarsocrural Joint in Horses
- Osteochondrosis of the Tarsocrural Joint in Horses
- Osteitis of the Calcaneus in Horses
- Fractures of the Distal Tarsal Bones in Horses
- Fracture of the Talus in Horses
- Fracture of the Fibular Tarsal Bone (Calcaneus) in Horses
- Fracture of the Lateral Malleolus of the Tibia in Horses
- Tarsal Joint Luxation in Horses
- Desmitis of the Collateral Ligaments of the Tarsus in Horses
- Rupture of the Fibularis (Peroneus) Tertius in Horses
- Stringhalt
- Curb in Horses
- Disorders of the Tarsal Sheath in Horses
- False Thoroughpin in Horses
- Luxation of the Superficial Digital Flexor Tendon from the Tuber Calcanei in Horses
- Gastrocnemius Tendinitis in Horses
- Calcaneal Bursitis in Horses
- Capped Hock
- Disorders of the Stifle in Horses
- Osteochondrosis of the Stifle in Horses
- Subchondral Cystic Lesions in Horses
- Meniscus and Meniscal Ligament Injuries in Horses
- Cranial and Caudal Cruciate Ligament Injuries in Horses
- Collateral Ligament Injuries in Horses
- Intermittent Upward Fixation of the Patella and Delayed Patella Release in Horses
- Fragmentation of the Patella in Horses
- Patellar Luxation in Horses
- Patellar Ligament Injuries in Horses
- Gonitis and Osteoarthritis in Horses
- Chondromalacia of the Femoral Condyles in Horses
- Fractures of the Stifle in Horses
- Disorders of the Hip in Horses
- Luxation of the Coxofemoral Joint in Horses
- Pelvic Fracture in Horses
- Osteoarthritis and other Coxofemoral Joint Diseases in Horses
- Disorders of the Back and Pelvis in Horses
- Spinal Processes and Associated Ligaments in Horses
- Articular Process−Synovial Intervertebral Articulation Complexes in Horses
- Vertebral Bodies and Discs in Horses
- Muscle Strain and Soreness in Horses
- Lumbosacral Junction Abnormalities in Horses
- Sacroiliac Joint Abnormalities in Horses
- Developmental Orthopedic Disease in Horses
- Osteochondrosis in Horses
- Physitis in Horses
- Flexural Deformities in Horses
This condition affects the subchondral bone of the palmar/plantar aspects of the distal metacarpal/metatarsal condyles and is a common cause of performance-limiting lameness in Standardbred and Thoroughbred racehorses. It is thought to be a stress remodeling response to high-level activity in young racehorses and is associated with lameness referable to the fetlock region. Typically, the lameness improves with a block of the palmar/plantar metacarpal/metatarsal nerves proximal to the fetlock. Intra-articular analgesia of the fetlock joint can have varying results and is less reliable to improve lameness. Radiographic signs may be minimal, and the changes are identified earliest using nuclear scintigraphy, CT, or MRI. Treatment consists of controlled exercise.
- Lameness in Horses
- Overview of Lameness in Horses
- The Lameness Examination in Horses
- Imaging Techniques in Equine Lameness
- Arthroscopy in Equine Lameness
- Regional Anesthesia in Equine Lameness
- Disorders of the Foot in Horses
- Osseous Cyst-like Lesions in the Distal Phalanx in Horses
- Bruised Sole and Corns in Horses
- Canker in Horses
- Fracture of Navicular Bone in Horses
- Fracture of Distal Phalanx in Horses
- Keratoma in Horses
- Laminitis in Horses
- Navicular Disease in Horses
- Pedal Osteitis in Horses
- Puncture Wounds of the Foot in Horses
- Pyramidal Disease in Horses
- Quittor in Horses
- Quarter Crack in Horses
- Scratches in Horses
- White Line Disease in Horses
- Sheared Heels in Horses
- Sidebone in Horses
- Thrush in Horses
- Disorders of the Pastern and Fetlock
- Fractures of the First and Second Phalanx in Horses
- Fractures of the Proximal Sesamoid Bones in Horses
- Osteoarthritis of the Proximal Interphalangeal Joint in Horses
- Palmar/Plantar Metacarpal/Metatarsal Nonadaptive Bone Remodeling in Horses
- Sesamoiditis in Horses
- Chronic Proliferative Synovitis in Horses
- Digital Sheath Tenosynovitis in Horses
- Disorders of the Metacarpus in Horses
- Tendinitis in Horses
- Suspensory Desmitis in Horses
- Inferior Check Desmitis in Horses
- Bucked Shins in Horses
- Exostoses of the Second and Fourth Metacarpal Bones in Horses
- Fractures of the Small Metacarpal (Splint) Bones in Horses
- Fracture of the Third Metacarpal (Cannon) Bone in Horses
- Disorders of the Carpus in Horses
- Fracture of the Carpal Bones in Horses
- Subchondral Bone Disease of the Third Carpal Bone in Horses
- Tearing of the Medial Palmar Intercarpal Ligament in Horses
- Osteoarthritis of the Carpus in Horses
- Distal Radial Exostosis and Osteochondroma of the Distal Radius in Horses
- Carpal Hygroma in Horses
- Rupture of the Common Digital Extensor Tendon in Horses
- Disorders of the Shoulder in Horses
- Developmental Diseases of the Shoulder in Horses
- Fractures of the Shoulder in Horses
- Bicipital Bursitis in Horses
- Infection of the Shoulder in Horses
- Suprascapular Neuropathy in Horses
- Osteoarthritis of the Shoulder in Horses
- Disorders of the Elbow in Horses
- Developmental Orthopedic Disease in the Elbow of Horses
- Fractures of the Elbow in Horses
- Osteoarthritis of the Elbow in Horses
- Collateral Ligament Injury in the Elbow of Horses
- Disorders of the Metatarsus in Horses
- Bucked Shins/Dorsal Cortical Fractures of the Third Metatarsal Bone in Horses
- Exostoses of the Metatarsal Bones in Horses
- Diaphyseal Fracture of the Third Metatarsal Bone in Horses
- Incomplete Longitudinal Fractures of the Plantar Aspect of the Third Metatarsal Bone in Horses
- Focal Bone Reaction and Avulsion Fractures of the Third Metatarsal Bone in Horses
- Fractures of the Second and Fourth Metatarsal Bones in Horses
- Enostosis-like Lesions of the Third Metatarsal Bone in Horses
- Disorders of the Tarsus in Horses
- Failure of Ossification of the Distal Tarsal Bones in Horses
- Osteoarthritis of the Distal Tarsal Joints in Horses
- Osteoarthritis of the Talocalcaneal Joint in Horses
- Osteoarthritis of the Tarsocrural Joint in Horses
- Synovitis/Capsulitis of the Tarsocrural Joint in Horses
- Osteochondrosis of the Tarsocrural Joint in Horses
- Osteitis of the Calcaneus in Horses
- Fractures of the Distal Tarsal Bones in Horses
- Fracture of the Talus in Horses
- Fracture of the Fibular Tarsal Bone (Calcaneus) in Horses
- Fracture of the Lateral Malleolus of the Tibia in Horses
- Tarsal Joint Luxation in Horses
- Desmitis of the Collateral Ligaments of the Tarsus in Horses
- Rupture of the Fibularis (Peroneus) Tertius in Horses
- Stringhalt
- Curb in Horses
- Disorders of the Tarsal Sheath in Horses
- False Thoroughpin in Horses
- Luxation of the Superficial Digital Flexor Tendon from the Tuber Calcanei in Horses
- Gastrocnemius Tendinitis in Horses
- Calcaneal Bursitis in Horses
- Capped Hock
- Disorders of the Stifle in Horses
- Osteochondrosis of the Stifle in Horses
- Subchondral Cystic Lesions in Horses
- Meniscus and Meniscal Ligament Injuries in Horses
- Cranial and Caudal Cruciate Ligament Injuries in Horses
- Collateral Ligament Injuries in Horses
- Intermittent Upward Fixation of the Patella and Delayed Patella Release in Horses
- Fragmentation of the Patella in Horses
- Patellar Luxation in Horses
- Patellar Ligament Injuries in Horses
- Gonitis and Osteoarthritis in Horses
- Chondromalacia of the Femoral Condyles in Horses
- Fractures of the Stifle in Horses
- Disorders of the Hip in Horses
- Luxation of the Coxofemoral Joint in Horses
- Pelvic Fracture in Horses
- Osteoarthritis and other Coxofemoral Joint Diseases in Horses
- Disorders of the Back and Pelvis in Horses
- Spinal Processes and Associated Ligaments in Horses
- Articular Process−Synovial Intervertebral Articulation Complexes in Horses
- Vertebral Bodies and Discs in Horses
- Muscle Strain and Soreness in Horses
- Lumbosacral Junction Abnormalities in Horses
- Sacroiliac Joint Abnormalities in Horses
- Developmental Orthopedic Disease in Horses
- Osteochondrosis in Horses
- Physitis in Horses
- Flexural Deformities in Horses
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In all animals, the motor unit of skeletal muscle consists of the motor neuron, the neuromuscular junction, and muscle fibers. Muscle dysfunction—such as ataxia, paresis, or paralysis—most commonly originates in which of the following locations?